The M+G+R Foundation
How the Roman Catholic Church AdministrationMissed the "Fatima Opportunity" for Peace Between 1925 and 1929
A Time Line of Religious and Secular Events Confirms It
PURPOSE and INTRODUCTION
Miguel de Portugal has studied the history of the Fátima apparitions and their aftermath in detail, has identified the dates on which critical events occurred, and has confirmed the time period during which needed responses by the Roman Catholic Church Administration failed to occur. As the following time line of religious (1) and secular (2) events shows, there is a correlation between the Church's failure to respond to Heaven's warnings given at Fátima and the world's post-1929 descent into depression, totalitarianism, and war. By 1938, the world was irreversibly on course toward a catastrophe that would kill tens of millions of people. By 1942, the Second World War and the Holocaust were at their height.
TIME LINE
1917
1917
- May 13: the first apparition of the Virgin Mary to the three shepherds in the Cova de
Iria, at Fátima.
- July 13: The Virgin Mary told Lucia that She would return in the future to request two
actions. These requests later became public: the Consecration of Russia, and the spread of
devotion to Her Immaculate Heart. On this day, the children were told: (3)
"You have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish
in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart. If what I say to you is done, many souls will be
saved and there will be peace. The war [referring to World War I, which was then in progress] is
going to end; but if people do not cease offending God, a worse one will break out during the
pontificate of Pius XI. (4) When you see a night illumined by an unknown
light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that He is about to punish the world for
its crimes, by means of war, famine, and persecutions of the Church and of the Holy Father."
"To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart,
and the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays. If my requests are heeded, Russia will be
converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world,
causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred; the Holy Father will have
much to suffer; various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph.
The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, and she will be converted, and a period of peace
will be granted to the world. In Portugal the dogma of the Faith will be preserved, etc."
- October 13: Supernatural events accompanied the final apparition of Mary at Fátima. Many
of these events (including the "dance of the Sun") were observed by 50,000-70,000 people
(believers and unbelievers alike), and were covered at the time by secular Portuguese newspapers.
- November 13: At the request of the priest of the Fátima parish, the Archbishop of the
Lisbon Patriarchate began an inquiry into the Fátima events, one month after the apparition in
October. Under Church law, the Archbishop was the proper authority to conduct this investigation,
and to rule on the authenticity of the Fátima events.
And during the same year:
- Russia - February 25: start of the 1917 Revolution. March 2: Czar Nicholas II abdicated.
April 3: Lenin returned to Russia from Switzerland after being allowed to cross the Kaiser's
Germany in a sealed train. October 25: Bolsheviks seized power. December 7: the Cheka (Soviet
secret police force) was founded.
- Germany - began unrestricted submarine war on February 1; after several American ships
were sunk, the US responded by declaring war on April 6. The US intervention was key to the defeat
of Germany and her allies in 1918.
- Britain - with the Balfour Declaration of November 2, the British government supported
establishment of a Jewish "national home" in Palestine - the first political breakthrough for
modern-day Zionism. On December 11, the British army captured Jerusalem - the first time since
after the Crusades that the city had not been under Muslim rule.
1918
- January 17: By a Vatican ruling, the Diocese of Leiria (covering the region around
Fátima) was re-established, separately from the Patriarchate of Lisbon. This Vatican action,
taken even before the completion of the local investigation, appears to indicate that the Vatican
knew of the importance of the Fátima events within a few months of their occurrence.
And during the same year:
- Russia - Civil war between the Communists and their opponents began in 1918 (and the war
continued until 1921). The Czar, his family, and his servants were massacred on July 17, on orders
from Lenin.
- Germany - the Kaiser abdicated on November 9, and a republic was established. On November
11, the Germans agreed to an armistice, ending World War I.
1919
- April 28: Completion of the Fátima investigation which had begun in November 1917; the
findings were turned over to the Archbishop, the Governor of the Lisbon Patriarchate.
And during the same year:
- Russia - Establishment of the Communist International, with the intent of fostering "the
creation of an international Soviet republic." This body, which directed Communist party activity
worldwide, remained in existence under this name until 1943.
- Germany - The German Worker's Party, which in 1920 became the Nazi Party, was founded on
January 5, 1919. Under duress, on June 28, 1919 the Germans signed the Versailles Treaty; they
were compelled to pay reparations to the victors, and to accept guilt for starting the World War.
1921
- October: the Bishop of the Diocese of Leiria authorized open air masses for the
increasing number of pilgrim visitors to the apparition site; previously, he had already purchased
a large plot of land in the Cova de Iria (the apparition site) for the planned Fátima Sanctuary
buildings.
And during the same year:
- Russia - Communist victory in the Civil War.
- China - Communist Party founded in July; Mao Tse-Tung was one of the 53 founders.
- Germany - On July 29, Hitler was elected as the leader of the National Socialist party.
1922
- January 22: Pope Benedict XV died. (5)
- February 6: Pius XI elected.
- May 3: A formal Diocesan canonical investigation of the Fátima events began.
- October 13: With the approval and under the supervision of the local Church authorities,
3,000 copies of the first issue of "Voz de Fátima" were printed.
And during the same year:
- Russia - Stalin was elected as General Secretary of the Communist Party.
- Italy - Mussolini and his Fascists took power after the October "March on Rome."
- Germany - made a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1922; secret provisions allowed Germany
to violate its disarmament obligations under Versailles, building tanks and manufacturing chemical
weapons within the Soviet Union. Soviet-German military cooperation continued from 1922 to 1932.
1923
- Germany - The Nazis and their allies attempted to seize power in Bavaria in the November
8-9 "Beer Hall Putsch," but were defeated by the police. Hitler was arrested for treason, and
would be in jail until December 1924.
- Spain - On September 13, Miguel Primo de Rivera carried out a military coup against the
parliamentary regime, and - with the assent of the King - established a dictatorship.
1924
- The Pious Union of Servites of Our Lady was founded to begin providing priests, physicians, and
nurses to assist sick pilgrims to Fátima. This ministry was established under canon law,
indicating that Church authorities with jurisdiction over the approval of these events accepted
the veracity and understood the significance of the Fátima apparitions.
And during the same year:
- Russia - Lenin died; Stalin consolidated his power; between 1924 and 1927 he
out-maneuvered and expelled his opponents within the Communist Party.
1925
- December 10: The Virgin Mary told Lucia to make public the request for devotion to the
Immaculate Heart of Mary - a request that had been announced in advance by Our Lady to the
visionaries in 1917, eight years previously.
And during the same year:
- Germany - The first volume of Hitler's Mein Kampf was published.
1926
- February 15: In an apparition, Jesus reminded Lucia of Mary's request made on December
10, 1925 to spread the devotion to Her Immaculate Heart, and insisted upon obedience.
- The first edition of the Fátima Pilgrim's Manual was published with Diocesan approval, and a
print run of 10,000 copies.
And during the same year:
- Germany - Due to increasing unemployment and economic hardship, Nazi Party membership
increased from 20,000 to 40,000.
- Great Britain - first demonstration of a working television system.
- Portugal - a military coup on May 28 installed an authoritarian, nationalist,
pro-Catholic regime that would remain in power until 1974.
- Poland - A military coup (May 12-14) overthrew a parliamentary government and installed
an authoritarian regime led by Colonel Jozef Pilsudski. This regime remained in power after
Pilsudski's death in 1935, until Poland was occupied by Germany and the USSR in 1939.
1928
- May 13: the Archbishop of Evora (an Archdiocese in Portugal) blessed and placed the first
stone of the new Fátima Basilica.
1929-1930
- June 13, 1929: The Virgin Mary appeared to Lucia at her convent in Tuy, Spain, and told
her that the time had come to consecrate Russia
to Her Immaculate Heart. By this time, the Church authorities had had almost twelve years to
respond to the requests that Our Lady had made at Fátima. Our Lady said:
"The moment has come in which God asks the Holy Father, in union with all the Bishops of the
world, to make the consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart, promising to save it by this
means. There are so many souls whom the Justice of God condemns for sins committed against me,
that I have come to ask reparation: sacrifice yourself for this intention and pray."
(6)
- By the end of 1929: The Diocesan Bishop, D. José Alves Correia Da Silva, published a
solemn pastoral letter declaring that the Apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima from May 13 to
October 13, 1917, were worthy of belief. (This letter of approval confirmed his actions since 1921
pertaining to Fátima). (7)
And during the same period:
- Germany - On September 14, 1930, the Nazis won 107 seats in the Reichstag (out of 577),
becoming the second largest party in the German parliament.
- Russia - In 1929, the Soviets intensified their persecution of religion (Christian,
Jewish, and Muslim alike), and began the forced collectivization of agriculture and the
"liquidation of the kulaks," (the well-off peasants). These agricultural policies led to famine,
mass deportations, and 4-5 million deaths during 1929-1933.
- United States - the October 1929 stock market crash signaled the beginning of the Great
Depression.
- Italy - in February 1929, the Holy See signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, gaining
sovereignty over Vatican City, the establishment of Catholicism as the state religion in Italy,
and payments in compensation for Papal territory taken by Italy in 1871.
1931
- August: In a letter to her bishop, Lucia said that the Virgin Mary informed her that Her
requests had not been fulfilled in time, and that the consequences would be dire:
"They did not wish to heed my request. Like the King of France, they will repent and do it, but it
will be late. Russia will have already spread her errors throughout the world, provoking wars, and
persecutions of the Church; the Holy Father will have much to suffer." (8)
(The "King of France" is an allusion to a message given by the Sacred Heart of Jesus in June of
1689 to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, calling upon Louis XIV to consecrate France to the Sacred
Heart of Jesus. This was not done in timely fashion - and France began its move toward the
Revolution, which began 100 years later.)
In summary, by the end of 1922, the Church authorities in Fátima, Lisbon, and Rome knew of the
Fátima events, and had given them their de facto approval; this approval was made formal
in 1929 by the Diocesan bishop.
Nevertheless, the Vatican disobeyed Heaven's request, and delayed the consecration of Russia to
1942, with repeat efforts in 1952, 1964, 1982, and 1984. These were too late to avert World War
II, the Holocaust, and the global spread of Russia's deadly errors. By August 1931, time had
already run out.
And during the same year (1931), secular events, which were ominous enough before mid-1931,
now manifested the end of Heaven's patience.
- Japan/China - On September 18, Japan attacked Manchuria, its first act of aggression in
what became World War II. The Japanese invasion prevented the Chinese government from suppressing
the Communist insurgency, which was led by Mao Tse-Tung.
- Spain - Under popular pressure, the regime called for elections on April 13. Left-wing
and republican parties won, forcing the King to flee the country. A Republic was established,
which would last until Franco won the Civil War in 1939.
1932
- May 13-15: The Vatican's ambassador to Portugal, the Papal Nuncio, presided over the
National Pilgrimage to Fátima; two days later, he wrote, "Fátima is a true blessing for
Portugal. I am convinced that Mary will always protect this Nation.... and will save it from the
great dangers which threaten the whole of society." Again: by mid-1932, the Vatican knew
what Fátima meant.
And during the same year:
- Germany - On July 31, 1932, the Nazis won 37.4% of the votes cast in national elections,
making them the largest party in the Reichstag. However, in elections held on November 6, 1932,
the Nazi share of the vote fell to 33.1%, and their Reichstag representation declined from 230 to
196. These were the last national elections held before the Nazi seizure of power in 1933.
1933
- Germany - Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on January 30. On February 27, the
Reichstag was burned by an arsonist - and the regime used this to justify assuming dictatorial
powers. On March 22, the Nazis opened their first concentration camp, at Dachau. On March 23, the
Nazi-dominated Reichstag passed an Enabling Act, giving total power to Hitler; one of Hitler's
first actions under this law was to purge Jews from civil service and teaching posts. The Enabling
Act had passed over the opposition of the Social Democrats, but with the support of the Center
Party, Germany's Catholic political party. On May 10, there was a ceremonial, public book-burning
in Berlin. On October 14, Germany left the League of Nations.
- Vatican - On July 20, the Third Reich signed a concordat with the Vatican - and quickly
began violating the treaty provisions that had guaranteed freedom for the Catholic Church.
Nevertheless, the Vatican ratified this pact on September 10, 1933.
Ian Kershaw, a leading historian of the Third Reich, describes this Concordat as "an unqualified
triumph for Hitler": (9)
"Hitler himself had laid great store on a Concordat from the beginning of his Chancellorship,
primarily with a view to eliminating any role for 'political Catholicism' in Germany. As we have
already seen, this aim was achieved with the dissolution of the Zentrum and BVP in early July."
[The Zentrum was the Catholic Center Party; it dissolved itself on July 5, 1933 as a condition for
the Concordat; the BVP was the Center Party's Bavarian counterpart. The disbanding of these
parties paved the way for the Nazis to declare their party to be the only legal party in Germany.]
Kershaw added: (10)
"The German episcopate ... now poured out effusive statements of thanks and congratulations to
Hitler. Cardinal Faulhaber, the Catholic leader of Bavaria and long a thorn in the side of the
National Socialists in Munich, congratulated Hitler in a handwritten letter: 'What the old
parliament and parties did not accomplish in sixty years, your statesmanlike foresight has
achieved in six months.' He ended his letter: 'May God preserve the Reich Chancellor for our
people.'"
William Shirer, author of Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, agreed with Kershaw's
assessment of the benefit that the Nazis gained from their treaty with the Vatican. He said,
"coming as it did at a moment when the first excesses of the new regime in Germany had provoked
world-wide revulsion, the concordat undoubtedly lent the Hitler government much badly needed
prestige." (11)
1935
- Italy - In October, Italy invaded Ethiopia, the first act of aggression by the European
Fascist powers. Italy's victory was secured by use of mustard gas against the Ethiopians. Italy
annexed Ethiopia in May, 1936.
1936
- Spain - In July, General Franco led a revolt against the left-wing Republic; this began a
civil war that would end in March 1939 with Franco's victory. Germany provided Franco at least
10,000 infantrymen, and carried out bombing raids for him; Italy sent 70,000 soldiers. The
Republic received aid from the Soviet Union.
- Germany - on March 7, Germany violated the Versailles Treaty by re-occupying the
Rhineland, which had been demilitarized after World War I. There was no response from the Western
powers to this first act of German aggression.
- Italy - the Rome-Berlin Axis was proclaimed on October 23.
- Japan - Signed the "Anti-Comintern Pact" with Germany on November 25; Italy joined the
alliance on November 6, 1937.
1937
- Japan/China - On July 7, 1937, full-scale war between Japan and China began. Niall
Ferguson, a prominent historian, described this event as the start of World War II: "When did the
Second World War begin? The usual answer is September 1, 1939, when the Germans invaded Poland.
But that is a European answer. The real answer is July 7, 1937, when full-blown war broke out
between Japan and China." (12)
- Russia - Stalin began a series of wide-ranging purges of the Communist Party, the
military, and the government. This would last until the end of 1938, and led to the imprisonment
and execution of several million people.
- Spain - On April 26, the German and Italian air force devastated the republican-held town
of Guernica, in the first unrestricted use of air power against civilians.
- Vatican - On March 14, 1937, Pius XI released the anti-Nazi encyclical, Mit Brennender
Sorge; (13) it was brought clandestinely into Germany, and was read from
Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday. (14)
1938
- January - An unprecedented aurora lit the sky over most of Europe and North America on
the night of Javuary 25-26. (15) The red glow was so intense that fire crews
in some areas were sent out to look for local fires. (16) Sister Lucia saw
the sky turn red from 9 pm until 2 am, and knew that this was the "unknown light," the "great
sign" from God that it was too late to avert war.
Note well: Present-day agitation to consecrate Russia according to the form given to
Sr. Lucia is pointless. The time for that consecration to have occurred, with the full effect
desired by God, came and went during the Pontificate of Pius XI. By 1938 - indeed, by late
1931 - it was too late to avert the disasters that Heaven had warned against.
And during the same year:
- Germany: On March 12, Austria was annexed by the Third Reich. On October 1, Germany began
to occupy the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia, with the acquiescence of France and Britain. On
the night of November 9-10, Nazi troopers carried out "Kristallnacht," a national pogrom against
the Jews.
1939
- February 10: Pius XI died.
- March 2: Pius XII elected to the Papacy.
- September 13: The Bishop of Leiria, Portugal - who had jurisdiction over the Fátima area
- began to promote acts of reparation on the
first Saturdays of each month - fourteen years
after the Virgin Mary had asked for this to be done.
And during the same year:
- Germany - On March 15, Germany occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia. On August 23-24,
the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a non-aggression treaty which provided for the division of Poland
between the two dictatorships. On September 1, Germany invaded Poland; this was the officially
recognized beginning of World War II. In response, France and Britain declared war against Germany
on September 3.
- Russia - Invaded Poland on September 17; Catholic Poland was divided between the Nazis
and the Soviets.
- Italy - invaded Albania on April 7, and used that country as a base to attack Greece in
1940.
1940
- Germany - invaded Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, and France on May 10. On June 22, France
accepted defeat, and on July 10 installed a dictatorial, collaborationist government. On July 21,
Hitler ordered his generals to begin planning an attack on the Soviet Union in 1941; he made the
plans final in December, 1940.
- Japan - signed the Tripartite Pact, reaffirming its alliance with Germany and Italy, on
September 27, 1940. The signers avowed their mutual intent to form a "new order" in Europe and in
"Greater East Asia," and agreed to assist each other if attacked.
1941
- Japan - On December 7, Japan attacked US and British forces throughout the Pacific,
leading to a US declaration of war against Japan on December 8.
- Russia - On June 22, Germany invaded the USSR. In November and early December, the German
army bogged down before it could take Moscow, and a Red Army counterattack began on December
5-6.
- Germany - Declared war on the US on December 11. The extermination camp at Chelmno, in
occupied Poland, opened on December 7.
1942
- October 31, and again on December 8: Pope Pius XII consecrated the world to the
Immaculate Heart of Mary. [This consecration was done late, and not in accordance with the formula
requested by Heaven.]
By this time, World War II and the Holocaust were in full swing. God had not been "silent;" the
Vatican had been deaf to timely warnings from Heaven.
And during the same year:
- Russia - The Battle of Stalingrad began in August 1942, and ended with the German defeat
in February 1943.
- Germany - On January 20, the SS led a meeting at Wannsee, near Berlin, to plan the
extermination of European Jewry - the "Final Solution." By mid-1942, the Jews of Nazi-occupied
Europe were being shipped to extermination camps (at Auschwitz and elsewhere).
- United States - on December 2, Enrico Fermi (a nuclear scientist who had emigrated from
Italy to protect his Jewish wife from persecution by the Fascists) achieved a nuclear chain
reaction at the University of Chicago. This was an essential step in the development of the atomic
bomb.
During this period, while the Church failed to seek all the aid that it could have obtained for
the whole world from God and from the Virgin Mary, the Nazis and their allies were invoking all
the aid they could get from below. Click Here for all the
details of how God allowed satan a free hand once His Church had ignored His requests.
SOURCES
(1) The principal sources for the Fatima events listed here are: The M+G+R
Foundation, "The Marian Apparitions in Fatima and the Roman Catholic Church Administration,"
http://www.mgr.org/fatima.html, viewed 02/16/09; The M+G+R Foundation,
"Our Lady of Fatima: Messages, Response, Consequences,"
http://www.mgr.org/olof.html, viewed 02/21/09; The M+G+R Foundation,
"Detailed Chronology of Key Events - Apparitions of Our Lady of the Rosary of Fatima,"
http://www.mgr.org/attach1.html, viewed 03/05/09; The M+G+R Foundation,
reprint of p. 195-197 of Sr. Lucia's memoirs,
http://www.mgr.org/refs/App-1-2-Engl-q50.gif and
http://www.mgr.org/refs/App-1-3-Engl-q50.gif, viewed
02/25/09; The M+G+R Foundation, "'Damage Control' from Heaven,"
http://www.mgr.org/FatimaSecretModifiedPart2.html,
viewed 02/26/09.
(2) The sources for the secular events include: History Central, "1930-1931,"
http://www.historycentral.com/dates/1930.html,
viewed 03/05/09; various Wikipedia entries at
http://en.wikipedia.org; Gregory L. Freeze, ed. Russia:
A History, 2nd ed., "Chronology," Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 474-475; Martin Gilbert,
A History of the Twentieth Century, Perennial, 2002, pp. 96-287; A New Illustrated
History of the Nazis, F+W Publications, Inc. (UK), 2005, pp. 187-189; National Geographic,
Visual History of the World, National Geographic Society, 2005, pp. 431-527; Ian Kershaw,
Hitler 1889-1935: Hubris, W. W. Norton and Co., 2000, pp. 164-165.
(3) This text is an English translation of the original Portuguese, as published in
Fatima in Lucia's Own Words (Sister Lucia's Memoirs), Postulation Centre, Fatima, Portugal,
May 1976 ed., p. 162. This page is reprinted digitally by the M+G+R Foundation, at
http://www.mgr.org/refs/Page4.jpg, viewed 02/16/09.
(4) Note that Pius XI was elected in 1922, 5 years after the 1917 apparitions.
Sister Lucia wrote her memoirs between 1936 and 1941 (Memoir I, written in 1936; Memoir II,
written in 1937; Memoirs III and IV, both written in 1941). These memoirs were originally written
at the request of her bishop, and were later published. (William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of
Fatima, Image Books, 1954, pp. 207-209).
(5) Dates of Papal reigns are from the Wikipedia entries for the Popes of
1917-1942.
(6) This text is an English translation of the original Portuguese, as published in
Fatima in Lucia's Own Words (Sister Lucia's Memoirs), Postulation Centre, Fatima, Portugal,
May 1976 ed., p. 200. This page is reprinted digitally by the M+G+R Foundation, at
http://www.mgr.org/refs/Page5.jpg, viewed 02/16/09.
(7) Sources used by Miguel de Portugal place this approval "by the end of
1929."
(8) This text is an English translation of the original Portuguese, as published in
Fatima in Lucia's Own Words (Sister Lucia's Memoirs), Postulation Centre, Fatima, Portugal,
May 1976 ed., p. 200. This page is reprinted digitally by the M+G+R Foundation, at
http://www.mgr.org/refs/Page5.jpg, viewed 02/16/09. The English
translation incorrectly attributes this warning to "Our Lord", however, the original Portuguese
(shown on the same Web page) attributes this warning to "Nossa Senhora," Our Lady, which is
correct.
(9) Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris, W. W. Norton and Co., 2000, pp.
487-488.
(10) Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris, W. W. Norton and Co., 2000, pp.
487-488.
(11) William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Crest Book, 1962,
p. 324.
(12) Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the
Descent of the West, Penguin Books, 2006, p. 306.
(13) Pope Pius XI, Mit Brennender Sorge, March 14, 1937,
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_en.html,
viewed 03/15/09.
(14) ZENIT, "The Encyclical That Infuriated Hitler," April 4, 2007,
http://www.zenit.org/article-19328?l=english,
viewed 03/15/09.
(15) Charles M. Lennahan, "The Effect of the Magnetic Storm, January 22-26,1938, on
Telegraphic Transmission," and Willis E. Hurd, "Auroras of January 21-22 and 25-26, 1938," in
"Notes and Reviews," Monthly Weather Review, February 1938, p. 43 (a publication of the
U.S. Weather Bureau), on-line at
http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/066/mwr-066-02-0039.pdf,
viewed 03/05/09. This report, like most contemporary news accounts, places the aurora on the night
of January 25-26, 1938. Some early, Church-approved documents dealing with the history of Fatima
state that the "unknown light" was seen by Sr. Lucia on January 24.
(16) C. Claiborne Ray, "Q and A - Sky Lights," The New York Times, October 4,
2005,
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A06E3DD1130F937A35753C1A9639C8B63&scp=4&sq=aurora%20january%201938&st=cse,
viewed 03/05/09.
Published on April 26, 2009 - Honoring Mary, Mother of Good Counsel
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